Use of Past Perfect Simple Part 1, English Grammar, and The content here:
Past Perfect Simple (had + V3 (past participle)) is used:
1. For action previous to and affecting a nominated time in the past.
a. When the past moment is expressed as specific time, especially following by. The action in the past perfect occurred previous to the time, and the result of that action was still in force at that time.
- By one o’clock she had cooked lunch.
- I had finished my homework by Monday.
b. When the past moment is expressed as an action, usually in the simple past. This is often introduced bwith when. (Past Perfect began before Past Simple)
- I had cooked lunch when she arrived. (She arrived to find lunch prepared.)
- When we had finished dinner, Susan took the dishes to the kitchen.
- Mrs. Priestley came to tell us she had made the coffee.
- I gave her the flowers that I had bought for her.
2. To express sequence and relationship of past actions with the past perfect clause used as a time marker. In this function the past perfect is not used in the negative.
With before in the past perfect clause; to show that the main verb took place against a background of non-completed action. It is often implies that the intention was to complete it earlier, or that this was likely.
- The post arrived before he’d got dress.
(The state of being dressed was not yet arrived at, probably not even begun.)
- It was Thursday before I’d read the book.
- Pedro had learned English before he came to England.
b. With after in the past perfect clause to show the main verb against a background of completed action. It may indicate a preferred sequence or a state of affairs which could no longer be altered.
- After she had done the washing, she had a cup of tea.
- After I’d bought the car, I found the rust.
- After we had chatted for a little time, our teacher came into the classroom.
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